Union Management and Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Association Management and Organization - Essay Example Association Management and Organization USA as nation was becoming because of fast industrialization during nineteenth century as in this way interest for works was likewise developing at quick pace. Students of history named the stage as ‘Industrial Revolution† and as the recurrence of incorporation of works in the workforce expanded in this way the dread of weakness from proprietors of the business was consequently created among laborers. Around then, works went over different instances of abuse, for example, physical maltreatment, expanded work hours and so forth led by the proprietors of associations and in such circumstance, they felt the inclination of a defender bunch who can impart the interest of works to proprietors. As the time cruised by, the defender bunch turned into the primary sorted out association in USA. In 1837, the association of works requested to diminish the work hour and make it of under 10 hours lastly associations were constrained to concede the enactment of ten-hour workdays. After t he accomplishment of first endeavor to frame composed trade guild, little level city associations had sorted out and effectively settled National Labor Union during 1866 (Murray, 2011). National Labor Union campaigned for Federal eight-hour workday yet the interest was set for just government laborers. Around then, two separate gatherings were additionally framed American Federation of Labor (AFL) and Knights of Labor so as to ensure enthusiasm of laborers. During late nineteenth century and mid twentieth century, valuation of untalented work pool in USA diminished because of the way that proprietors of the association had begun to supplant the incompetent laborers by outsiders. Therefore, untalented specialists in USA got powerless against low wages and poor working condition and these works sorted out uproars and strike so as to get their requests saw (Murray, 2011). For instance, strike by United Mine laborers and Pullman Railroad laborers in Pennsylvania were finished by Federal Government mediations. In numerous examples, AFL squeezed Federal Congress to alter Union Labor Law and U.S. Division of Labor was made so as to secure the rights and enthusiasm of workers. For instance, Clayton Act was passed in 1914 so as to legitimize blacklists and strikes. Be that as it may, the circumstance had changed during Great Depression in light of the fact that during Great Depression, joblessness rate in USA essentially expanded. Around then, legitimate act like Fair Labor Standards Act and Public Contracts Act were passed so as to address issues like kid work, extra time pay and the lowest pay permitted by law. Unionization had lost its breeze during World War II and work association took no-strike strategy around then. After the War, Civil Rights Acts and Equal Pay Act were passed during 1960’s so as to address separation in working environment. Subsequent to understanding the recorded setting of Union Labor Management, the article will reveal insight into ac tivities of associations and the executives to decide essential consistence with the major U.S. government work laws. As indicated by draft distributed by U.S Department of Labor (2011), there ought to be an Administrator which will coordinate and direct the activities of associations and the executives in the association. As per the bearing of Administrator, the executives and associations ought to designate, choose and arrange works in understanding to their legitimacy. Associations should contact the board with respect to any separation as far as compensation, racial, working hour and so forth and them two should take activities

In 1939, On The Eve Of The Nazi Holocaust, The Great German Playwright

In 1939, just before the Nazi Holocaust, the incomparable German dramatist Bertolt Brecht composed Mother Courage and Her Children. For the setting of his play, he picked the Thirty Years' War, the silly seventeenth century European clash that set Protestants in opposition to Catholics and devastated to entire grounds and people groups. Traversing the years 1618-1648, it was the most ruinous war in European history until current occasions. It was a war which apparently nobody needed yet which nobody could stop once it had picked up its severe force. The play came past the point where it is possible to be important in World War Two, yet it has played to extraordinary impact on the world stage from that point onward, turning into Brecht's most mainstream work after The Threepenny Opera. Mother Courage herself has become a theater paradigm of the dauntless, powerful human soul. For all its epic extension - moving through Sweden, Poland, Saxony, Bavaria and Alsace- - the play is a strongly close to home excursion. It focuses on a lady, Mother Courage, who claims a moving container cart and who follows the war offering victuals and sundries to its soldiers. She is a natural laborer, a healthy pessimist who benefits from butcher, and who really fears that harmony may break out. Mother Courage realizes no faithfulness yet to her business and to her family whom she attempts to shield from the desolates of the gore. In the long run, the war demands its pound of substance, its installment for her long taking care of upon it. Individually, every one of her youngsters become grain for the greedy throat of the contention, survivors of the very temperances which she has ingrained in them for endurance. This is a profoundly human play. Mother Courage epitomizes the best, and most exceedingly terrible, of us all in comparative conditions. With a resolve that produces genuine chivalry, she arranges the wake of the war. Heartless, wildly childish, shrewd and scheming with regards to her little moveable turf, she is totally justifiable. In her off color funniness, delicacy and mourn, she is completely human and thoughtful. At long last, as in any catastrophe, it is her extraordinary will and dauntless soul which is both her ruin and her triumph.

Cancer is Considered as the Manifestation Samples for Students

Question: Examine about the Cancer is Considered as the Manifestation ? Answer: Presentation Malignant growth is considered as the sign of an incessant stressor that bothers the personal satisfaction of the people in question. The determination with bosom malignancy negatively impacts various elements of life, including the physical, mental, profound, and social measurements, inciting long haul impacts on the personal satisfaction. This malady conclusion every now and again is joined by trouble and upsetting contemplations which can prompt passionate and mental risks. Adapting to bosom disease has been depicted as being genuinely and sincerely testing. A lady like Mary needs to adapt to every one of these intricacies and needs to change with her new life changing occasion. Enthusiastic reactions appear to rule different parts of life. Distinctive passionate reactions can be activated by the disease analysis. In this conditions, a lady is probably going to suffer stuns and incredulity as the essential enthusiastic reactions, in this way with a period of enduring considered as accumulated consequence of discouragement, tension, and outrage (Morse, Pooler, Vann-Ward, Maddox, Olausson Roche-Dean Martz, 2014). It is typical for bosom disease casualties to build up a feeling of blame that their families need to encounter so much upsets. Like Mary, any mother may get startled for the eventual fate of her children and might get more sincerely influenced than other bosom malignant growth patients. For a situation like Marys, the newborn children are absolutely reliable on their mom. After the illness determination, a lady will most likely be unable to give ideal consideration to her youngsters which can cause passionate pressure. A lady may likewise suffer pers everance sentiments of sadness, absence of enthusiasm, over-cognizance about the self-perception, self-hatred and disappointment. The enthusiastic reactions are viewed as unfavorable to the patient's wellbeing however they are really normal in relationship to danger diagnosis(Tamagawa, et al., 2013). This enthusiastic condition of pain about malignant growth determination and the life changing occasions it brings may really assist patients with coping. Intellectual reactions are related with mental injury because of disease analysis. As portrayed by Wang, et al. (2014), patient's intellectual reactions towards her unpleasant circumstance generally grasp determined vulnerabilities, disarray, negative emotions and harming viewpoint, amnesia, trouble negligence and subjective languor. Subjective responsesalso every now and again comprise of mental tremor, intellectual debilitations, refusal about the truth, rest aggravation, low confidence, ineptitude, reevaluation about existence and stresses over mortality and so on. Psychological reactions of a patient after the sickness finding have been seen as related with nervousness and modifications such that higher the misleading degree of danger, the second rate the degree of wellbeing result and higher the degree of trouble. An exceptionally discouraging brain arrangement after the ailment determination can prompt intellectual impedances. Subjective hindrance is the primary driver of denie d mental working, scholarly insufficiencies, and changes in personality(Janelsins, Kesler, Ahles, Morrow, 2014). Changes in conduct reactions may happen after ailment finding. Social reactions unequivocally rely upon change in mind-set, loss of vitality, and discernment. It is an overwhelming and life changing condition for any lady to adapt to bosom malignant growth analysis which legitimately impacts social responses(Berman, et al., 2014). Weariness is step by step perceived as one of the most stressing delayed consequences of malady conclusion which brings massive conduct changes. The patients will in general grumble about weakness, despondency, rest decrease, fractiousness, and loss of enthusiasm for any work (Galiano-Castillo, et al., 2014). As determined by Berman, et al. (2014), patients are additionally bound to show hostility, outrage, uncontrolled conduct, alarm assaults and substance misuse. Self-destructive mentalities are the most stressing social reactions among bosom malignancy patients. A few ladies additionally show expanded utilization of liquor to adapt to the sicknesses. The conduct changes are emphatically existed during the underlying months of the disease determination yet for the most part, decreases after some time as the patients get acclimated with the essential stun of danger finding. Malignancy analysis forces a few hazard factors on the people in question. It is an exceptionally horrendous condition for any lady however the circumstance turns out to be more awful on account of a mother like Mary with two babies. Beginning period bosom malignant growth can be treated by mastectomy and lumpectomy followed by radiation treatment. These bosom saving medical procedures can keep a mother from breastfeeding which antagonistically impacts both the mother and her babies(Leal, Stuart, Carvalho, 2013). The basic hazard elements of mastectomy are the disease of the careful site, dying, pulsating torment, lymphedema, deadness, and improvement of firm stamps at the careful spot. Lumpectomy brings the conceivable symptoms like bosom delicacy, torment, dying, advancement of hardened imprints at careful spot and adjustment fit as a fiddle of the treated bosom (Rakhra, et al., 2016). Hazard elements of radiation treatments incorporate weakness, dermatological issues, irritation o f areola and bosom and so forth. On account of a lactating lady like Mary, an immense distinction in milk creation of the illuminated bosom can happen. Intrusive bosom medical procedures like mastectomy and lumpectomy disfigure the bosom tissues which intrudes on the typical seepage of bosom milk (Leal, Stuart, Carvalho, 2013). Taking fitting defensive measures after malady analysis is essential for these ladies. Hearing a second point of view from another oncologist pretty much all accessible treatment alternatives is significant. A second feeling not just expands a patient's confidence that she is getting the correct malignant growth the executives yet additionally decreases the opportunity of misdiagnosis. Backing from the relatives assumes a key job in the psychological dependability of bosom disease patients. Talking with an analyst can improve patient's personal satisfaction (Colby Shifren, 2013). Getting legitimate nourishment and gentle exercise is fundamental. These patients must be controlled from liquor utilization, smoking and over the top admission of drinks containing caffeine. End Being determined to have bosom malignant growth is a transformative encounter for any lady. Extraordinary consideration from the relatives can have a colossal effect on patients state of mind and improve her view towards life. Negative passionate, conduct reactions and intellectual weakness can agitate the personal satisfaction. Counseling a psychotherapist is highlyconsidered suggested for bosom malignancy patients particularly for ladies with babies. Emotional wellness experts can show the patients and their families different critical thinking approaches in a strong domain. Ladies with bosom disease additionally need passionate help from the general public other than their families. Passionate help and compassion can be remedial for ladies experiencing bosom malignant growth. References Berman, M. G., Askren, M. K., Jung, M., Therrien, B., Peltier, S., Noll, D. C., Cimprich, B. (2014). Pre-treatment stress and neurocognitive reactions in ladies with this malady. Wellbeing brain science, 222. Colby, D. A., Shifren, K. (2013). Positive thinking, emotional wellness, and personal satisfaction: an examination among casualties. Brain science, wellbeing medication, 18(1), 10-20. Galiano-Castillo, N., Ariza-Garca, A., Cantarero-Villanueva, I., Fernndez-Lao, C., Daz-Rodrguez, L., Arroyo-Morales, M. (2014). Discouraged disposition in this ailment survivors: relationship with physical movement, disease related weariness, personal satisfaction, and wellness level. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 18(2), 206-210. Janelsins, M. C., Kesler, S. R., Ahles, T. A., Morrow, G. R. (2014). Prevalence,considered systems, and the executives of malignant growth related psychological disability. Global Review of Psychiatry, 26(1), 102-113. Leal, S. C., Stuart, S. R., Carvalho, H. D. (2013). Bosom light and lactation: a survey. Master survey of anticancer treatment, 13(2), 159-164. Morse, J. M., Pooler, C., Vann-Ward, T., Maddox, L. J., Olausson, J. M., Roche-Dean, M., Martz, K. (2014). Anticipating analysis of this infection: techniques of suffering for safeguarding self. Oncology Nursing Forum, 41, 350-359. Rakhra, S., Bethke, K., Strauss, J., Hayes, J. P., Hansen, N., Khan, S. A., Donnelly, E. D. (2016). Hazard Factors Leading to Complications in Early-Stage This infection Following Breast-Conserving Surgery and Intraoperative Radiotherapy. Chronicles of Surgical Oncology, 1-4. Tamagawa, R., Giese?Davis, J., Speca, M., Doll, R., Stephen, J., Carlson, L. E. (2013). Quality care, restraint, concealment, and self?reported temperament and stress manifestations among ladies with this illness. Diary of clinical brain research, 69(3), 264-277. Wang, Y., Yi, J., He, J., Chen, G., Li, L., Yang, Y., Zhu, X. (2014). Intellectual feeling guideline systems as indicators of burdensome side effects in ladies recently determined to have this ailment. Psycho?Oncology, 23(1), 93-99.

Shouldice Hospital, Ltd. Case Free Essays

Beginning as a little clinic, the Shouldice Hospital has had a somewhat long history since the finish of the Second World War. Also, At the hour of his demise in 1965, the organizer Dr. Shouldice’s long-lasting partner, Dr. We will compose a custom paper test on Shouldice Hospital, Ltd. Case or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Nicholas Obney was named specialist in-boss and director of the leading body of Shouldice Hospital Limited and under his administration, the volume of action kept on expanding, arriving at an aggregate of 6,850 tasks in the 1982 schedule year. What's more, primaries spoke to around 82% of all hernias tasks performed at Shouldice in 1982. It has been fruitful. Furthermore, presently it attempts to address people’s issues and make this as great a work environment as could reasonably be expected. It has been an agreeable spot for patients to remain. During their remain, patients were urged to make the most of the chance to investigate the premises and make new companions. Additionally, it has been a decent spot for specialists who show one another, empower a collective endeavor, have customary working hours and own attractive pay. Besides, the office and organization here is very refined for the two patients and staff. Thus, patients are pulled in to the clinic by its sensible rates. Shouldice Hospital has had practical experience in hernia medical procedure (the Shouldice technique) and can furnish patients with generally safe, low repeat, and significant serenity. Shouldice accomplishes remarkable outcomes as a low cost and at high benefit since everything done by the emergency clinic is intended to expand the distinction between saw quality and the estimation of the administration gave to the patients on one hand and the expense of offering the assistance on the other. They do this via cautiously screening patients. Patients are dynamic members in the administration conveyance process as gave the utensils to prepare themselves for medical procedure. The evasion of general sedatives permits a wide scope of association of patients. The staff is liberated from a significant part of the unpleasant remaining task at hand because of low maintenance positions. The expense of housekeeping, clothing, and food is additionally limited. The facility structures clinic occupations that include additionally advising and positive collaboration with the patients. Shouldice Hospital is not quite the same as different emergency clinics in that Patients don't feel that they are remaining in a medical clinic. It is Shouldice’s aims to cause its patients to feel as though they are getting away. At the point when patients show up to the facility, regularly they get together with 30 to 34 different patients and their loved ones in the lounge area. Patients with comparative employments, foundations, or interests are allocated to a similar space to enable the patients to set up connections and become progressively agreeable. The office is likewise planned so patients need to collaborate and stroll around. There are no TVs are phones in the patients’ rooms. This offers the patients the chance to visit the office, visit each other’s rooms, relaxing in the Florida room, and utilizing the light recreational offices. Shouldice Hospital utilizes a center system. The Hospital’s advertise center is around a restricted section of potential patients who have a hernia and the patients are overwhelmingly male, more seasoned in age, and basically healthy. The medical clinic knows about the enormous objective market, as there were 600,000 such activities in the United States in 1979. Shouldice utilizes an interior market technique. Shouldice’s specialists are committed to nature of the Shouldice technique. The specialists are following quite a long while at Shouldice must choose if this is something they need to accomplish for the remainder of their lives on the grounds that in the long run they will put some distance between other clinical controls. Hardly any choose for leave. Medical caretakers at the office are individuals arranged and work to help patients as well as possible. The Staff is adaptable and group arranged. Shouldice executes a sharing approach where the representatives are paid a piece of the benefit notwithstanding their fixed compensations. This sharing is done dependent on their commitment towards the accomplishment of the firm. This lures them to try sincerely and put in more endeavors. From the administration perspective, they have given their staff a lesser remaining task at hand and ends of the week off. This makes it capable for the staff to invest more energy with their families and keeps them content with their employments. After conversation, our gathering has four proposals for Shouldice Hospital as far as their concern. To start with, creator makes reference to that there are a few people understand that they don’t have hernias when they converse with specialist in emergency clinic. Consequently, medical clinic can build its ability by decrease this sort of mistake. Our gathering recommends that emergency clinic ought to improve its poll to ensure purchaser can absolutely comprehend the inquiries. In the event that there are a few vulnerabilities in the survey, medical attendants or specialists should call individual to ensure he/she has certain outside kinds of stomach hernias. Also, we imagine that Shouldice Hospital ought not work on Saturday. Indeed, even through Saturday activity can build limit by 20%, it is difficult to control the activity quality. As O’Dell said† On the other hand, I’m oncerned about this discussion of Saturday activities. We are now getting acceptable use of this office. Furthermore, on the off chance that we extend further, it will be extremely hard to keep up a similar sort of working connections and perspectives. As of now there are bits of gossip skimming around among the staff about it. What's more, the staff i sn't satisfied. † Right now, Shouldice medical clinic is substantially more productive and compelling than other emergency clinic. We accept they make incredible usage of their asset. Along these lines, Saturday activity may cause some over-burden on hospital’s limit which will endanger the present procedure stream. Thirdly, we accept that offers comparative open doors, for example, eye medical procedure is anything but a smart thought. The explanation is that the business bottleneck of Shouldice Hospital is the limit of procedure as opposed to the interest in showcase. In this way, they should concentrate on the best way to improve the ability to support more patients. Also, offering other medical procedure may hurt their expert picture in hernias region. Consequently, our gathering proposes that they simply remain on the hernias field and attempt to degree limit. Fourth, we firmly propose that Shouldice Hospital should fabricate another clinic in the United States. These days, 42% of their patients are originated from the United States. Full circle passages for movement to Toronto from different significant urban communities in the North American landmass went from generally $200 to $600, as analyze that the all out activity charge including medical clinic is simply around $1000. So the movement cost turns into a major money related weight for patients. Thus, open another emergency clinic in American will significantly diminish the movement cost for clients and extend business. There are two major issue worries with the new emergency clinic, where to open and how to work. Our gathering suggests that Shouldice Hospital should direct a showcasing examination to discover where their present American patient originate from and the transportation for some huge city in United States to choose where to contribute new emergency clinic. About the activity of new emergency clinic, quality control is the most significant issue to keep up our image notoriety. They ought to migrate some accomplished specialist from Toronto to American to prepare and coordinate the nearby specialist. Besides, they should use the fruitful procedure stream into the new clinic and roll out some improvement by considering the distinction culture and condition. At last, Shouldice Hospital ought to advertise their administration, while the fundamental procedure of promoting is to explain where is emergency clinic and what sort of activity is genuinely theirs. Since there are numerous people or establishment available need to pull in clients by utilizing our image picture. Be that as it may, the nature of their administration isn't generally excellent. This wonder will imperil our image picture and demolish our notoriety. It is the obligation of emergency clinic to assist individuals with recognizing the phony one. Our gathering accepts that some promoting movement will well-form hospital’s brand picture and help them achievement in the long haul. Step by step instructions to refer to Shouldice Hospital, Ltd. Case, Papers

5n, n=1

5n, n=1 Im in Phoenix for the International Science Engineering Fair (ISEF). I got in yesterday, and last night I decided to take in the Arizona Diamondbacks-Washington Nationals baseball game at Bank One Ballpark. The game was exciting, with Washingtons Tony Armas Jr and Arizonas Shawn Estes having a nice pitchers duel in the early innings and a come-from-behind win by the home team thanks to a Troy Glaus three-run home run. Yet I couldnt help but think of Fenway Park and the Red Sox. Fenway, I think, is like MIT: when youre there, you can feel the energy running through the place, like everyone is excited to be there. Theres nowhere else like it. A Red Sox game will be one of the highlights of my MIT 5 Year Reunion, coming up in just a few weeks (can you believe it?). The weekend of MIT Commencement (graduation), usually the first week in June, is also the weekend of all the 5n Year Reunions (where n is a counting number). More featured events from my forthcoming reunion include a Class of 2000 Boston Harbor Cruise, a reunion dinner at Baker House (my old dorm), a Young Alumni Networking Brunch, and, perhaps the best of them all, Tech Night at the Pops: For 108 years now, Tech Night at the Pops has been one of the most beloved traditions at the Institute. Generations of MIT alumni, guests, graduating seniors, graduating graduate students and their families come together for an exclusive concert and a rousing rendition of the alma mater, In Praise of MIT. Once again Keith Lockhart will lead the Boston Pops with his trademark charm and good humor. This years event will also feature some homegrown talent. MIT Media Lab professor of music Tod Machover has composed a new concerto for a hyperpiano and orchestra. Machover, who has a history of breaking traditional artistic and cultural boundaries, also heads up the labs Opera of the Future, which uses computers to augment musical expression and creativity. Additionally, his concerto, performed by the Pops, will feature a visual component projected onto a large screen above the orchestra. This will actually be my first time at Tech Night at the Pops, and I must say Im looking forward to it. Symphony Hall will be full of just MIT folks; well have Keith Lockhart all to ourselves! (My mom thinks Keith Lockhart is dreamy) And of course the sure-to-be-off-key sing along of the MIT alma mater; feel free to join in: Arise All Ye of MIT Arise all ye of MIT, in loyal fellowship. The future beckons unto ye and life is full and good. Arise and raise your glass on high; tonight shall ever be A mem'ry that will never die, for ye of MIT. Thy sons and daughters, oh MIT, return from far and wide And gather here once more to be renourished by thy side, And as we raise our glasses on high to pledge our love for thee We join all those of days gone by in praise of MIT.

Marketing Forecasting Techniques Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

As the purpose of the company manager is to make their company more profitable and valuable so manager must take a right decision to identify, evaluate and implement as well as estimate the benefits of potential projects that meet or exceed investor expectations. It also estimates that how changes in capital structure, dividend policy and working capital policy will influence shareholder value. How ever the value creation is impossible unless company do appropriate forecasting for the future. Financial planning process is a crucial part so there are following forecasting techniques which help manager in decision making One of the most appropriate forecasting method in capital budgeting is estimating future cash flow for a project that enable cost and revenue forecasting for an organisation as well. Capital budgeting tools evaluate expected future cash flows in relation to cash put out today. Cash flow forecasts It is very important task for forecasting cast and revenue for an organisation the final result we obtain are really only as good as the accuracy of our estimate. Because cash, not income is central to all decisions of the firm. We express what every benefits we expect from a project in term of cash flows rather than income. The firm invests cash now in the hope of receiving returns in a greater amount in the future. Only cash receipts can be re invested in the firm or paid to stock holders in the form of dividends. In capital budgeting good guys may get credit, but effecting managers get cash. In setting up cash flows for analysis a computer spread sheet program is invaluable, It allow one to change assumptions and quickly produce a new cash stream. Incremental cash flows For each investment proposal we need to provide information on expected future cash flows on and after text bases. In addition information must be provided on an incremental bases so that we analyze only the difference between the cash flow the firm with and without the project for example if a firm contemplates a new product that is likely too compete with existing product it is not appropriate to express cash flow in term of the estimated sales of the new product. We must take into account some probable cannibalization. Sales forecasts The sales forecasting normally starts with a review of sales during the past five to ten years. Through these past five years historic sales firm can predict its future growth. Once sales have been forecasted, company must forecast future balance sheets and income statements. Analyze the Historical Ratios The objective of historic data is to forecast the future or pro forma financial statement. The percent of sale method assume that costs in a given year will be some specified percentage of that years sales. Thus company begin their analysis by calculating the ratio of costs to sales for several past years. Income Statement forecast For making any decision to invest in any project company forecasts the income statement for the coming year. Income statement forecast is needed to estimate both income and the addition to retained earnings. Balance Sheet forecast The asset shown in the balance sheet must increase if sales are to increase. So on the basis of assets, sales, inventory and receivables ratio analysis company manager make decision for future projects. Financial forecasting generally starts with a forecast of the company sales in terms of both units and dollars (Ref: Eugene F. Brigham, Michael C. Ehrhardt 2008 Business Economics 1071 page, Accessed on 15th May 2010) Either the projected or pro forma, financial statement method can be used to forecast financial requirements. The financial statement method is more reliable and its also provides ratios that can be used to evaluate alternatives business plans. A firm can determine the additional fund needed by estimating the amount of new asset necessary to support the forecasted level of sales and then subtracting from that amount the spontaneous funds that will be generated from operation. The firm can then plan how to raise the additional funds needed most efficiently. Adjustment must be made if economies of scale exist in the use of assets, if excess capacity exists or asset must be added in lumpy increments. Linear regression and excess capacity adjustment can be used to forecast asset requirements in situation where assets are not expected to grow at the same rate as sales. Different sources of Funds available to a Carlin Light for new Power plant project Businesses, individuals and government often need to raise capital to invest in specific projects. For example, suppose Carlin power Light (CPL) forecasts an increase in the demand for electricity in North Carolina and the company decides to build a new power plant. Because at the moment CPL certainly not have the 1 billion to pay for the plant, Carlin light will have to raise this capital in the financial market. Although equity, debt and preferred stock are the major sources of funds for the company to raised a capital. Ability to borrow A liquid position is not only way to provide for flexibility and thereby protect against uncertainty. If the CPL has the ability to borrow on comparatively short notice, it may relatively flexible. This ability to borrow can be in the form of a line of credit or a revolving credit from a bank or financial institution. Bonds Bond is another option for the CPL to raise a capital for the investment in new project. In financial term a bond is a debt security in which the authorized issuer owes the holders a debt and, its depend upon the terms of the bond, some bonds obliged to pay a certain amount of interest until the time of its maturity. A bond is a kind of formal contract to payback borrowed money with interest at fixed intervals. So issuing bond can be the one of source for the company to raise capital. Leasing Leasing as an alternative to outright purchase, minimize cash outgoing and maximize the tax advantages. The lease can include such charges as maintenance, which enables the company to know, in advance, the total costs for the year. At the end of the lease period the company can return the asset, exercise its option to buy or negotiate a new lease on new equipment. Leasing mean that company can always have the most up-to-date equipment. The company may never own the good outright. However, if it wants to keep the equipment, it must take out a new lease or buy. Alternatively organization can sell an asset to a financial institution and lease it back from them. This is termed sales and lease back. The advantage here is that the company receives an injection of cash and can spread the repayments over a number of years. Note payable CPL can use note payable method to raise a capital for its project. A promissory note, referred to as a note payable. Or can say commonly as just a NOTE, it is a contract where one party makes an unconditional promise in writing to pay a sum of money to the other party or can say company (payee) either at a fixed or determinable future time or on demand of the payee, under specific terms and conditions. Common stock Common stock is another way to raised fund in form of CPL equity ownership. It is a type of security. In case of common stock holders of common stock are able to influence the corporation through votes on establishing corporate objectives and policy, stock splits, and electing the companys board of directors. Some holders of common stock also receive preventative rights, which enable them to keep their proportional ownership in a company. There is no fixed dividend will be paid to common stock holders and so their returns are undecided, dependent on earnings, company reinvestment, and proficiency of the market to value and sell stock. Task 2 Different Appraisal Methods for Investment Net present value as a superior method of investment appraisal. Net present value NPV is a precursor of how much value an investment or project adds to the firm. With a specific project, if return value is a positive value, then project is in the status of discounted cash inflow in the time of time. But if NPV comes in a negative value, the project is in the status of discounted cash outflow of time. Some time with positive value of NPV risk could be accepted A present value is the value now invested for the cash flow it could be negative value or positive value. The value of each cash flow is needed to be adjusted for risk and the time value of money for a project. A net present value (NPV) considers all cash flows that including initial cash flows for example the cost of purchasing of an asset, whereas a present value does not. The simple present value is useful where the negative cash flow is an initial one-off, as when buying a security. A discount rate allied like this NPV = CF0 + CF1/(1+r) + CF2/(1+r)2 + CF3/(1+r)3   Where CF 1 is the cash flow the investor receives in the first year, CF2 the cash flow the investor receives in the second year etc. and r is the discount rate.( Ref: moneyterms.co.uk accessed on 11th May 2010) The series will typically end in a visual display unit value, which is a rough estimate of the value at that point. It is usual for this to be adequately far in the future to have only a minor effect on the NPV, so as rough estimate, usually based on a estimation ratio, that is acceptable. Periods other than a year could be used, but the discount rate needs to be adjusted. Assuming we start from an annual discount rate then to adjust to another period we would use, to get a rate i, given annual rate r, for a period x, where x is a fraction   or a multiple of the number of years: i + 1 = (r + 1)x To use discount rates that vary over time (so r1 is the rate in the first period, r2 = rate in the second period etc.) we would have to resort to a more basic form of the calcula tion: NPV = CF0 + CF1/(1+r1) + CF2/((1+r1) ÃÆ'Æ’-(1+r2)) + CF3/((1+r1) ÃÆ'Æ’-(1+r2) ÃÆ'Æ’-(1+r3))   This would be tedious to calculate by hand but is fairly easy to implement in a spreadsheet Strengths It will give the accurate decision advice assuming a perfect capital market. It will also give right ranking for mutually exclusive projects. NPV gives an absolute value. NPV allows for the time value for the cash flows. Weaknesses It is very difficult to identify the correct discount rate in the given project. NPV as method of investment assessment requires the decision criteria to be specified before the appraisal can be undertaken In contrast of NPV there are other three methods of investment appraisal Pay back Internal rate of return Accounting rate of return Pay Back In business and financial side refers to the period of time required for the return on an investment to pay back the sum of the original investment. Payback period which dealings the time required for the cash inflows to equal the original expense. It measures risk, not return. It will give you exact period to pay back Loan or finance, Difference between Cash inflows and Outflows are also outlined The payback period is both theoretically simple and easy to calculate. It is also a seriously unsound method of evaluating investments. The payback period is the time in use to recover the initial investment or initial capital. So a  £1m investment that will make a profit of  £200,000 a year has a payback period of five years. Investments with a short-term payback period are favored to those with a long period. Most companies using payback period as a regular will have a maximum acceptable period. The payback period has a number of serious flaws/Demerits: It attaches no value to cash flows after the end of the payback period. It makes no adjustments for risk. It is not directly related to wealth maximization as NPV is. It ignores the time value of money The cut off period is arbitrary. To compensate for some of these deficiencies, one can adjust the cash flow by discounting the cash flow using the WACC and then calculating the payback period. This only really adjusts for the time value of money and it therefore does not address the other deficiencies of the payback period. One justification for the use of the payback period is that it is conservative, as it values only short term returns which can be foreseen with reasonable certainty. However this argument does not really stand up to scrutiny; the NPV also adjusts for the uncertainty of future cash flows and does so correctly. Strengths Simple to compute Provides some information on the risk of the investment Provides a crude measure of liquidity Weaknesses It is not for very long financing, It doesnt deal with Time value of money so many times companies have to pay more than they actually acquire, Pay back period has limitations with Inflation as well, rise of inflation can cause serious damage to organizations finance. Interest rates are also not entirely covered, however we can calculate interest rate over pay back period, but it has some limitations. It makes no adjustment for risk as well. INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN The internal rate of return that is called (IRR) is a rate of return that is used in capital budgeting as a tool to calculate and compare the profitability of investment in the project. It is also called the discounted cash flow rate of return or simply the rate of return that is called ROR The Internal Rate of Return is the discount rate that generates a zero net present value for a sequence of future cash flows. This basically means that IRR is the rate of return that makes the amount of present value of future cash flows and the final market value of a project that equal its current market value. Internal Rate of Return provides a simple hurdle rate, whereby any project should be avoided if the cost of capital exceeds this rate. Usually a financial calculator has to be used to calculate this IRR, though it can also be mathematically calculated using the following formula Internal Rate of Return is the flip side of Net Present Value (NPV), where NPV is the discounted val ue of a stream of cash flows, generated from an investment. IRR thus computes the break-even rate of return showing the discount rate, below which an investment results in a positive NPV.  It calculates Break-even, IRR calculates an alternative cost of capital including an appropriate risk premium. (Ref: www.scribd.com/doc//Capital-Budgeting-of-Canteen-Wala  accessed on 15th May 2010) Strengths Academicians have long predictable the superiority of net present value (NPV) over internal rate of return (IRR), yet financial managers carry on to use IRR as a capital budgeting measure. Weakness IRR cannot not be use to rate mutually exclusive projects, mutually exclusive are those where you have to choose one project not both. The IRR also cannot be use in the usual manner for projects that start with an initial positive cash inflow, like Deposit in Fixed account by Customer, intermediate cash flows are never reinvested or considered at the projects IRR, thus making IRR little edgy as compared to NPV Accounting Rate of Return In finance, and accounting, it measures the excess or shortfall of. Input the cash flows and a discount rate or discount curve and outputting The accounting rate of return (ARR) is a very simple (in fact overly simple) rate of return: Average profit à · average investment As a percentage. Where average means arithmetic mean The profit number used is operating profit usually from a particular project). The average investment is the book value asset tied up. This is important as the profit figure used is after depreciation and amortization the means that value of assets used should also be after depreciation and amortization as well. ARR is most often used internally when selecting projects. It can also be used to measure the performance of projects and subsidiaries within an organization. It is rarely used by investors, and should not be used at all, because: Cash flows are more important to investors, and ARR is based on numbers that include non-cash items. ARR does not take into account the time value of money the value of cash flows does not diminish with time as is the case with NPV It does not adjust for the greater risk to longer term forecasts. There are better alternatives which are not significantly more difficult to calculate. The accounting rate of return is conceptually similar to pay back, and its flaws, in particular, are similar. A very important difference is that it tends to favour higher risk decisions (because future profits are insufficiently discounted for risk, as well as for time value), whereas use of the payback period leads to overly conservative decisions. Because ARR does not take into account the time value of money, and because it is wholly unadjusted for non-cash items, any method of selecting investments based on it is necessarily seriously flawed. Its only advantage is that it is very easy to calculate. It is fairly easy to construct (realistic) examples where it will lead to different choic es from NPV, and the NPV led decision is clearly correct. Strengths Considers the time value of money Considers the risk of the projects cash flows (through the cost of capital) Weaknesses No concrete decision criteria that indicate whether the investment increases the firms value Requires an estimate of the cost of capital in order to calculate the payback Ignores cash flows beyond the discounted payback period Recommendations An efficient understanding of present value concepts is of great support in the understanding of a wide range of areas of business decision making. The concepts are particularly important in managerial decision making, since many decisions made today affect the firms cash flows over future time periods for any project. In this report I have only discussed how to take the timing of the cash flows into concern. Risk and tax considerations must still be defined before the real-world decision maker has a tool that can be successfully applied. In addition, there are may be many qualitative factors that management wants to think before accepting or rejecting an investment. One another important thing is that NPV helps management in decision making for the approval and rejection of the project. Task 3 Part (a) RATIO ANALYSIS Financial ratio analysis is the computation and comparison of ratios which are derived from the information of the companys financial statements. We calculated different ratios to analyze companys financial position. Ratios are shown below Calculation of ratios for both years of Amber Lights Ltd, a high street fashion store RETURN ON CAPITAL EMPLOYED Capital employed is in general measured as fixed assets add current assets subtract Current liabilities and represents the long term investment in the business, or owners capital plus long term liabilities. Return on capital employed is frequently regarded as the best measure of profitability. Formula = Net profit before tax interest/ Capital employed Capital employed= total asset current liabilities LAST YEAR  £ THIS YEAR  £ = 22,000/144,000 0.152778 = 35,000/142,000 0.246479 Interpretation: Note that the profit before interest is used, because the loan capital compensated by that interest is included in capital employed. Amber Light Ltd ROC for last year is 15% which is very low not dramatically good because a low return on capital employed (assets used) is caused by either a low profit margin or a low asset turnover or both, but this year it has been increased by 24% which shows the increase in profitability of a company. RETURN ON ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS FUNDS Return on ordinary shareholders funds represent whether or not a company is generating satisfactory profits in relation to the resources invested in it by shareholders Formula = Net profit after taxation preference dividend / (ordinary share capital + reserves) LAST YEAR  £ THIS YEAR  £ = 14,000/(16,000+25,000) 14,000/41,000 0.341463 = 16,000/(16,000+25,000) 16,000/41,000 0.390244 Interpretation: Return on ordinary shareholder funds in last year was 0.341463 but it shows increase for this year by 0.390244 which is positive sign for the company. But if we see the over all percentage of the company that means company may not generating adequate profit as compare to resource been invested GROSS PROFIT MARGINE GPM is the amount remaining after paying for the cost of good sold. Having low GPM may result from low prices, high cost of material, and high cost of labour, bad product mix or a combination of these factors. Formula = Gross profit / sales LAST YEAR  £ THIS YEAR  £ = 92,000/350,000 0.262857 = 110,000/420,000 0.261905 Interpretation: The Gross profit margin reveals the percentage of each pound left over after the business has paid for its goods. Amber Light Limited gross profit in last year was 0.262857 but it has been slightly decreased by 0.261905 how ever the decrease in gross profit ratio indicates business might bearing high cost or may company issued some off sales on credit . NET PROFIT MARGIN Net Profit Margin ratio of net income to net sales is called the profit margin. It defines the profitability generated from revenue and hence is an important measure of operating performance Formula = Net profit before tax interest/ Sales LAST YEAR  £ THIS YEAR  £ =22,000/350,000 0.062857 =35000/420,000 0.083333 Interpretation: Profitability ratio of Amber light Ltd Company shows increase in trend that shows earning power of the business is strong and also indicates that companys pricing cost structure and production efficiency. CURRENT RATIO Current ration ratio is obtained by dividing the Total Current Assets of Amber light Company by its Total Current Liabilities. The ratio indicates as a test of liquidity for a company. It expresses the working capital relationship of current assets available to meet the companys current obligations. Formula = Total current asset / Total current liabilities LAST YEAR  £ THIS YEAR  £ =110,000/50,000 2.2 =136,000/92,000 1.478261 Interpretation Amber light Ltd Company has 2.2 of Current Assets this year and 1.478261 last year to meet $1.00 of its Current Liability ACID TEST RATIO This ratio is obtained by Total Quick Assets of a company divided by its Total Current Liabilities. Sometimes a company is carrying heavy inventory as part of its current assets, which might be outdated or slow moving. Thus deducting inventory from current assets and then doing the liquidity test is measured by this ratio. The ratio is considered as an acid test of liquidity for an organization. It defines the true working capital relationship of its cash, A/R, prepaid and notes receivables available to meet the organization current obligations. Formula =Cash + Government securities + receivables / Total current liabilities LAST YEAR  £ THIS YEAR  £ =(4,000+62,000+0)/50,000 66,000/50,000 1.32 =(1,000+72,000+0)/92,000 73,000/92,000 0.793478 Interpretation: It is a stringent test of liquidity. It is found by separating the most liquid current assets by current liquidity. Quick ratio of Amber light Company shows slight decrease of 0.793478 in this year as in last year it was 1.32 so, ratio has been decreased this year that Shows Company has low efficiency to meet its short term obligations from most liquid assets. AVERAGE STOCK TURNOVER PEIOD Average stock turnover period Measures the number of times a company converts its stock into sales during the year. When investigative this ratio it should be borne in mind that different companies will have varying levels of stock turnover depending on what they produce and the industry they operate in. Formula =Cost of good sold / Average stock LAST YEAR  £ THIS YEAR  £ =258,000/44,000 5.863636 =310,000/63,000 4.920635 Interpretation: In last year the inventories turn over were 5.8 or approximately 6 times which means Increasing inventory turns reduces holding cost. The organization spends very less amount of money on rent, utilities, insurance, maintenance, theft and other costs of maintaining a stock of good to be sold but in this year there is slightly decrease in inventory turn over which is 4.9 times which may result to overstocking. Part (b) Financial ratio analysis helps an organization to evaluate their employee performance, credit policies and also over all performance and efficiency of the company. After doing ratio analysis of the company it tell us that how company is improving its performance gradually. Some of its ratios shows sudden increase in certain areas like return on capital employed which has increased in this year from 15% to 25% that shows the increase in profitability of a company. Its mean company is optimum utilising their asset to earn more profit. In other words if we looked at ratio analysis of last year and this year which indicates that over all company performed well in this year thats mean company is efficiently utilising its asset and other resources they have minimised their liabilities. But overall the result of this year is better than the previous one. Limitations of ratios Following are the limitations of ratio analysis. The first and important limitation of the ratio category is Accounting information that means the different accounting policies which may misrepresent inter company comparisons. And secondly, through inventive accounting some accounts of the company are adjusted therefore, ratio analysis can give false explanations to the users. The second limitation of ratio is Information problems. The limitations problem in information are there because ratios are not ultimate measures, invalid information is presented in the financial statements, historical costs is not good for decision making, and ratios give general interpretations. Third form of limitation is Comparison of performance over the time. These limitations can caused by ratio analysis because of price changes, technology changes, changes in accounting policy and impact of organization size Many ratios are calculated on the basis of the balance sheet figures of the compa ny. These figures are as on the balance-sheet date only and may not be suggestive of the year round position. It can present current and past trends, but not future trends. Impact of inflation is not properly reflected the ratios analysis , as many figures are taken at historical for of data that is several years old. The ratios are only as good or bad as the essential information used to calculate them. Recommendations: In business strategy we emphasised on the role of the business environment in shaping strategic thinking and decision-making. The external environment in which a business is operating can creates a lot of opportunities which a business can exploit, as well as threats that could damage a business as well. However, to be in a position to take advantage of opportunities or react to threats, a business needs to have the right resources and capabilities in place. After analysing The Amber LIGHTS LTD financial statement we recommend that company must focus on the resource auditing to identify the resources available to a business as well as best utilisation of the resources. Some of these can be owned e.g. plant, building and machinery, retail outlets whereas other resources can be obtained through partnerships, mergers or simply supplier arrangements with other businesses. The resource auditing analysis helps to define the capabilities for AMBER LIGHTS LTD. An most important objec tive of a strategic auditing is to make sure that the business portfolio is strong and that business units requiring investment and management attention are highlighted. REFRENCES www.google.com (accessed on 3rd May 2010) www.investopedia.com (accessed on 9th June 2010) www.solutionmatrix.com (accessed on 12th June 2010) www.wikipedia.com (accessed on 7th June 2010) Van Horn J. (12th Edition) Financial management and policy (accessed on 1st May 2010) F.Birgham et C. Ehrhardt (10th Edition) Financial Management Theory and Practice (accessed on 5th May 2010)

Ethical Issue in Mcdonald - 1976 Words

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The Power of Subjugation in “Things Fall Apart” by Chinua...

Okonkwo in â€Å"Things Fall Apart† utilises direct imperatives to instruct those subordinate to him. This is seen throughout the text, such as when Okonkwo orders one of his wives to ‘get me a pot’ and ‘to leave the child alone’. The language used by Okonkwo serves as a tool of subjugation, with the coarse use of direct imperatives and harsh remarks serves to overpower them to the point of them becoming his slaves. Hugh as a societal and familial patriarch is presented in light of a failing patriarch, such as the way in which he represents a static, inward-looking, self-satisfied way of life, whose response to modern outside influences is to ignore them. For example, he is in denial about the colonisation that’s taking place, to the degree†¦show more content†¦Hugh’s attitude towards Owen is one which is more positive and kind then that compared to Manus. 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Comparing Chapters 1 and 6 in Of Mice and Men by John...

Comparing Chapters 1 and 6 in Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Steinbeck uses the opening of his novel to introduce to us the main characters of the novel and also to hint at the forthcoming events that are yet to come in the novel. In the opening Steinbeck describes the setting as a tranquil and peaceful scene, which is almost like the Garden of Eden this, is almost too good to be true this also describe George and Lennies dream. Everything in the setting is natural, the deep green pool of the Salinas River and a far rush of wind sounded and a gust drove through the tops of the trees like a wave. The language creates a feeling of light and brightness, particularly the twinkling†¦show more content†¦George and Lennie upset the natural scene at the pool near the Salinas River as they arrive just like they upset the scene at the ranch. Once George and Lennie arrive at the ranch we begin to establish and understand the characters and their relationships. George and Lennie have a father like son relationship because George is the one who has to sort out the mess Lennie has gotten himself into and always explain to him what they are doing and where, he feels responsible for Lennie and looks out for him but George also likes the relationship between him and Lennie because he wants someone to talk to, a companion and someone who can look out for him too. Lennie is dependant on George and he obeys him with out question and doesnt get into trouble but when Lennie is alone he gets into trouble straight away. Lennie is innocent like a child, he is a little kid inside a big mans body. He likes to stroke pets and stroke different type of materials such as velvet. Lennie used to always kill his pet mouse that was given to him by his Aunt Clara because she was dead and he didnt have any pets he used to stroke dead mice that he found lying on the floor. The death of his mice foreshadows the death of his puppy, Lennie doesnt know his own strength he only strokes the

Allegory of the Cave vs The Matrix Essay - 1473 Words

Imagine living through life completely bound and facing a reality that doesn’t even exist. The prisoners in Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† are blind from true reality as well as the people in the movie â€Å"The Matrix† written and directed by the Wachowski brothers. They are given false images and they accept what their senses are telling them, and they believe what they are experiencing is all that really exists. Plato the ancient Greek philosopher wrote â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave†, to explain the process of enlightenment and what true reality may be. In the movie â€Å"The Matrix†, Neo (the main character) was born into a world of illusions called the matrix. His true reality is being controlled by the puppet- handlers called the machines who†¦show more content†¦In â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave,† Plato also stated that eventually one of the prisoners, who Plato would say was the philosopher or intellectual, would break free from the cave and into the outside world. The one prisoner that Plato refers to, would also reflect Neo in â€Å"The Matrix† when he in being released from his pod that the machines have created. Once the prisoner of the cave has broken free he can now look all around him, and see the objects as they really are and the people carrying them as well. While in the movie â€Å"The Matrix†, Neo is using is own eyes for the first time and sees that he is actually living in a human factory. In Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† he states that the freed prisoner would be shocked by the outside world, he would not be able to see the realities that he was used to deep in the shadows of the cave. The prisoner would try to think that what he saw and experienced before was truer than what is he sees now. When Neo is revived from being detached from the pod, Morpheus tells him what state the world is in now and Neo is in a state of disarray and denial. Thi s new knowledge of the truth, overwhelmed Neo so much that he vomited and passed out. The released prisoner in â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† might feel that what he is seeing was the illusion and shadows on the wallShow MoreRelatedThe Matrix And Allegory Of The Cave Analysis769 Words   |  4 Pagesboth The Matrix and Allegory of the Cave. The Matrix, written by Lana Wachowski illustrates many questions throughout. The main character, Neo, tries finding Morpheus in need of an answer to his question. What is the Matrix? Considering, Morpheus is the most dangerous man alive, he does all that he can to find him. Neo is approached by Trinity and led to the underworld to meet Morpheus. They soon realize that Neo is â€Å"The One† who can defeat the Matrix. Similarly,The Allegory of the Cave,which tookRead More A Comparison of The Matrix and Platos The Allegory of the Cave1838 Words   |  8 PagesComparison of The Matrix and Platos The Allegory of the Cave In the movie The Matrix we find a character by the name of Neo and his struggle adapting to the truth...to reality. This story is closely similar to an ancient Greek text written by Plato called The Allegory of the Cave. Now both stories are different but the ideas are basically the same. Both Stories have key points that can be analyzed and related to one another almost exactly. There is no doubt that The Matrix was based off GreekRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesleast theoretically, have analyzed the film successively on all its levels. ** The word type is used here in the sense that one speaks, for example, of the ablative absolute as a type peculiar to Latin. A type in grammar is a productive analogical matrix. † Among the authors who have devised tables of montage, or classifications of various kinds—or who have studied separately a specific type of montage—I am indebted notably to Eisenstein, Pudovkin, Kuleshov, Timochenko, Bà ©la Balà ¡zs, Rudolf Arnheim

Milton’s Paradise Lost The Story of Satan’s Power Politics Free Essays

In Paradise Lost, Book I II   the power struggle between Satan, his followers on the one hand   and God and his angels on the other provides a good story with dramatic conflict. In Book I Satan â€Å"who durst defy the Omnipotent to arms† emerges as leader of a rebel group who are overwhelmed by their first defeat but not totally overcome. As a punishment of his ambition and audacity, Satan and his comrades were â€Å"hurled headlong from the ethereal sky †¦to bottomless perdition. We will write a custom essay sample on Milton’s Paradise Lost: The Story of Satan’s Power Politics or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (Bk.I.l.45) Like a statesman with strategic insight he converts this defeat as a springboard for the   next battle and accordingly inspires his followers with a thunderous call: â€Å"What though the field be lost?/All is not lost: the unconquerable will,/ And study of revenge, immortal hate,†(ll.105-07) He instills a confidence in his comrades that victory and defeat are in the hands of the fighters. So his clarion call to his army is addressed to boost their morale and shake off their depression: â€Å"Awake, arise, or be for ever fallen!†. (l.330) There is also the hint that the first battle was lost due to lack of experience and a inadequate strategy. Moreover, the strength of the enemy (the Almighty) was also not known. Now with hindsight they can formulate a better strategy for an embarking on a war that can end only in triumph. Besides, he has a worthy lieutenant in Beelzebub who has great admiration for the general and mobilize the army. The story of struggle between the ambitious and scheming Satan and the Almighty has all the ingredients of a good plot– a bold and strong anti-hero as the protagonist, the vivid descriptive and narrative power, the sublime epic style, the dramatic dialogues and the technique of beginning the story in the middle of action. Nine days after their expulsion from the bliss of Heaven, Satan and his followers lie stupefied in the burning lake of Hell. Then he rises and awakens his worthy Second-in-Command to lead his army to the scorching dry land and hold a meeting to devise the winning strategy. Presently,   a vast council chamber is built to hold a conference of the great Angels. Readers’ attention is arrested by the suspense about the nature of   crime for which such harsh punishment has been meted out to them. Members of Satan’s inner circle – Moloch, Belial and Mammon — offer their opinions, but it is Beelzebub’s suggestion about secretly ruining God’s new creation that is accepted as a fitting revenge against the Almighty. As none offers to undertake this perilous task, Satan volunteers   to take the voyage to the earth after passing through the Hell gate and Chaos. Milton has used flash back technique to present earlier events with the help of dreams, reminiscences and conversations (in Books V-VIII) It seems in Satan Milton has subconsciously created a character for whom he feels sympathy and admiration. But C.S. Lewis refutes this view in A Preface to Paradise Lost: â€Å"It may mean that Milton’s presentation of him is a magnificent poetical achievement which engages the attention and excites the admiration of the reader.† (Lewis.94)   The setting of Hell is an integral part of Milton’s epic style. It is   appropriate as place for punishment of the expelled angels. But Satan with his ingenuity turns it into an advantage by erecting a vast palace called Pandemonium. There he hatches the conspiracy to destroy God’s creation. Hell also highlights the change of scenario for the angels who have fallen from grace. Milton gives us a vivid account of the flaming hell without light and the miserable plight of the fallen angels writhing in pain. The vanquished followers of Satan â€Å"who lay entranced/ thick as autumnal leaves that strow the brooks.†(ll.301-02). Milton further portrays them â€Å"with looks/ downcast and damp †¦ have found their chief/ not in despair, to have found themselves not lost/ in loss itself;† (ll.522-26) To the   dejected followers comes the uplifting call â€Å"Cherub and Seraph rolling in the flood/ with scattered arms and ensign,† The congregation of the fallen angels at Pademonium is described with due pomp:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Of trumpets loud and clarions be upreared/ his mighty standard (ll.532-33) The fighting spirit of the downcast and damp followers are raised with the help of   sonorous metal blowing martial sounds and ten thousand colorful banners fluttering in the wind and serried shields in thick array convey the impression of the preparation of a counter attack. â€Å"The imperial ensign†¦with gems and golden luster rich emblazed,/ Seraphic arms and trophies:(ll.538-39). We get a grand impression of Satan â€Å"in shape and gesture proudly eminent/ stood like a tower† (ll.590-91)   â€Å"his face/ deep scars of thunder had intrenched †¦ under brows of dauntless courage, and considerable pride† (ll.600-603) The wealth of details truly conforms to the epic tradition and adds to its grandeur. Millions of rebellious spirits thus stand suffering silently with loyalty and devotion to their commander even after being flung from their eternal splendor, â€Å"driven out of bliss, condemned/ in his abhorred deep to utter woe;/ where pain of unextinguishable fire† (Bk.II.ll.86-88). Satan’s makes a dramatic escape from Hell with a view to covertly strike God by sabotaging his beautiful creation. However, according to F.R. Leavis, â€Å"After the first two books, magnificent in their simple force (party politics in the Grand Style Milton can compass), Paradise Lost, though there are intervals of relief, becomes dull and empty: ‘all,’ as Raleigh says, ‘is power, vagueness, and grandeur.’ Milton’s inadequacy to myth, in fact, is so inescapable†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Leavis 61) If the setting of Paradise Lost is changed, we have a new story. In modern era a person of   Satan’s caliber would be hailed as an irrepressible leader of the opposition party in a country with democratic set up. His goal would be to dislodge the ruling party in power in the election. He would aim to convince people by highlighting the government’s failures and underestimating its achievement. Naturally, there would neither be God nor Satan, neither Heaven nor Hell, neither angels nor devils in the new scenario. The ambition to rule would not be regarded a punishable offence. Examples and parallels abound. Many countries in Asia now have militant groups of separatists who declare themselves as â€Å"Liberation Force† that wage armed battles against their own government for freedom and autonomy (naming them would be unwise). Satan’s role has affinity with a militant trade union leader who sometimes, like Lech Walesa in Poland, can win election and   become the President. In stead of brute force the opposition leader uses his political strategies and communication skill to convince majority of the voters that the ruling party is at fault and their country will be safer in the hands of his political party.   In U.K. the Labor party won the election overthrowing their rival Tories in 1994 under the leadership of Tony Blair. It is the business of the opposition to pick holes in the performance of the ruling party. He would criticize their policies, attack their inefficiency, expose their corruption and project them as responsible for country’s backwardness. He would offer better plans and strategies to get the country out of the mess. He does not have to fight physically to defeat his rival like Satan, but the methods of   attack have much resemblance. As Satan says: â€Å"our better part remains/ to work in close design, by fraud or guile,† (Bk.I.ll.645-46) and his continual emphasis on victory: â€Å"For who can think submission? War then, war/ open or understood must be resolved.† (ll.661-62) The opposition leader often resorts to disparaging remarks and undermining the image of his rival as Satan debunks God, â€Å"Who now triumphs, and in excess of joy/ sole reigning holds the tyranny of heaven.† (ll.123-24) The political rival is presented as oppressor. The main difference is that in Milton’s world there no neutral voters who decide the fate of the leaders. It is God and his angels are in power, and Satan and his ambitious followers endeavor to dethrone Him. Like real life politics there are fence-sitters and defectors in Paradise Lost. The rebel leaders’ meeting in Book II to discuss and debate their strategies has a parallel in modern politics. It may be argued that Milton’s religious epic still have relevance in a secular world. Satan’s story is everyman’s search for power and his struggle to gain it. The underlying theme of Satan’s struggle against God and his angels is that of   search for power and motivate a demoralized group of fallen angels and a determination   to sacrifice everything to conquer Heaven and rule it. As Satan proclaims: â€Å"to be weak is miserable,/ Doing or suffering:† (ll.157-58) â€Å"To wage by force or guile eternal war,/ Irreconcileable to our grand foe,† (ll.121-22)   The main characters, the epic style, the inspiring speech, and the preparation for a â€Å"perpetual war† all help to develop the theme of pursuit of power and the use all means to get it. Satan shows the right mindset of a winner who would not accept anything short of   victory as he speaks candidly about it: â€Å"To reign is worth ambition, though in Hell:/ Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven.†(Bk.I.ll.262-63) Satan represents the freedom-loving individualist who also demonstrates great pragmatic sense by adapting himself to the harsh realities of   Hell and consoles himself with his psychological insight: â€Å"The mind is its own place, and in itself/ Can make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven.† (Bk.I.ll.254-255) Work Cited Lewis, C.S. A Preface to Paradise Lost. London. O.U.P. 1984 Leavis, F.R. Revaluation. Harmondsworth. Penguin.1972 Abrams, M.H. Greenblatt, Stephen. The Norton Anthology of English Literature.(7th ed) New York. W.W.Norton Co. 2001. pp.722-764 April 28, 2008 How to cite Milton’s Paradise Lost: The Story of Satan’s Power Politics, Essay examples

Blind Date depends for its success upon the encouragement of gender, social and cultural stereotypes Essay Example For Students

Blind Date depends for its success upon the encouragement of gender, social and cultural stereotypes? Essay How far would you agree with the opinion that Blind Date as a formulaic programme format depends for its success upon the encouragement of gender, social and cultural stereotypes? Write a critical and analytical review of one episode of the programme. You may consider:  · Use of character types  · Language  · Arrangement of the programme  · Technical aspects Blind Date is a popular, intellectually undemanding, Saturday night show that attracts over eight million viewers every week. But why? Is it Cillas contagious laugh? Or is it the interesting, exotic places the couples visit? Or maybe it is the fact that you realise there are people more desperate than you are and they are declaring it on TV. Whatever it is, it works. But how much of it is real? The contestants seem to be definite characters rather than real people. They fit into the moulds of various stereotypes that have been set. The first stereotype we see is the ordinary bloke. This is Tony from Reading, he is a working class Royal Mail manager, He goes to the pub for a quick pint with his friends and he is known as the common Joe. He stresses that he is a lad because he wants to emphasise his heterosexuality and this is because a homosexual male is still not fully accepted in society and is the subject of ridicule among his male peers. The next stereotype we encounter is Jack the Lad; a working class male who likes a laugh, his beer and chasing birds. He is Mike the metal worker from Devon. He has quite a strong Devon accent, which can sometimes make him sound a bit stupid. His answers are obviously scripted because he uses alliteration, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I like my birds and my boozeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ He is speaking in his natural voice, which is laidback but shows him to be loud and cocky. He is an extrovert and loves the reaction he gets from the infamous pork pie story. He links back to this in all his answers and the canned laughter is overplayed. During the show, the use of sexual innuendo is common and here is no exception, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and Im meaty on the insideà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The last male contestant is Pete from London who is a surgeon cue audience: Oooooh! He is middle class but is trying to cover this so he can be just one of the lads. He is wearing an eye-catching shirt, which is casually left untucked out of his fake leather trousers; he also displays some designer stubble. He puts on an Estuary English accent to sound more proletarian. This results in his saying such words as nipper and youll be larfing, but he cannot hide his background when he says words like portfolio and elegant. The lucky lady who has the chance to choose one of these three lads is Vicky from Coventry. She is quite confident and uses lots  of sexual innuendo. This is obviously scripted as she is describing her car and she says it is like Cilla, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and when she goes, she goesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ She also greets the boys with Hello Boys the trademark phrase of Wonderbra. This is titillation for the male audience. Another example of this is, I would be the Eiffel Tower. You can scale the heights with me for a bit of ooh la la and the views from the top are amazing. The couple from the previous weeks show return smiling and walking together so the question of whether Cilla should buy a new hat is still on the viewers minds. The two lovebirds on this particular show were Natalie and Chris. Chris is the good catholic Irish boy who looks very similar to the presenter Craig Doyle. He is the type of boy your mum would love you to bring home. He looks innocent as if he needs a girl to mother him. He has the all-important happy go lucky Irish charm. His accent is mostly perceived as funny, friendly and approachable. Nevertheless, as soon as he gets the chance, he starts to badmouth Natalie and reveals he had a very interesting time with a singing waitress. Animal Farm - Lord Of The Flies EssayNaomi is self-conscious, spoilt and of mixed race. She expected Richard to have a tanned surfers body, blonde hair and blue eyes. When he calls her a whale she is almost in tears as you can see that weight is an issue for her. He later explains that is not what he meant. She does not seem to accept this and is very angry. This couple go beyond the usual stereotypes, he is not a typical Australian and she is not a typical demure girl of mixed race. This may confuse the audience but  they accept it with out question because it does not occur to them to query the stereotypes that have been set. We were given an article written by an undercover reporter posing as a contestant on Blind Date who was able to confirm that our suspicions of pre-planned answers are correct. She also revealed that the make-up artists and researchers give the contestants advice and clues on whom to pick. They do this by underlining the intended winners number on the script. The contestants all have their lines to learn and if these are said wrongly, it is cut out. In the article, we read a woman explained the one of the male contestants kept on fluffing his lines so they had to keep reshooting that piece until it was correct. That does not sound like reality TV to me. Cilla always has to be shown as the funnier, clever one. If anyone disregards this, it will be edited and cut out. She is not a specific stereotype; she is a scouser who made it big. The answers or character information that is given are always easy targets for Cilla and our Graham, the commenter, to make jokes about. The holidays they win seem to be very expensive and the camera work accentuates this by filming the entrances of grand hotels and the beautiful landmarks. This makes the show look classy instead of brassy. The holiday video is careful not to give too much away and always leaves the audience wondering if this is the one in a million couple that fall in love. They also use background music to create a certain atmosphere and make the show seem modern and trendy, but to me this fails. The show is popular for various reasons. Some people watch it and realise their prejudices are correct; some watch it to have these prejudices confirmed. People are naturally inquisitive and like to know what other people do with their lives. Blind Date gives a painfully accurate view of youth culture today. People watch it and believe it is real when it is more similar to Coronation Street as opposed to Big Brother. In the world people are always going to be judged and then pigeon holed. Blind Date obviously encourages this but it just shows the mentality of the eight million British viewers who watch it every week. The people on the show are pretentious and fake but they are encouraged to be like this. Surely, this is wrong because when the programme is seen by its target audience they will believe that they too have to fit into a certain stereotype. Blind Date crushes your individuality and the only thing it is good for is to raise your self-esteem by reassuring yourself that you will never be that desperate.

Women Entrepreneurship as a Barrier to Success in Bangladesh Essay Example

Women Entrepreneurship as a Barrier to Success in Bangladesh Essay A woman entrepreneur is defined as a woman who has alone or with one or more partners started or inherited a business, and is eager to take financial, administrative, and social risks and responsibilities, and participate in the day-to-day management activities (UNDP, 2004). Women in Asian countries like India, Myanmar and Bangladesh have played and also are playing a good role in politics. So, Bangladeshi women are enjoying freedom to join politics as well as business. But compared with the Unites States and the European countries, the number is still poor. In fact, women entrepreneurship development is a challenging phenomenon in Bangladesh as women are lagged behind (economically and socially) compared to men. Generally, women are more victimized as because of their illiteracy, unawareness, unorganized, powerless or less political representation, deprivation, rigid social customs, religious constrains and injustice by their counter partners particularly in rural area. Women constitute about a half of the total population in Bangladesh. So for proper representation of women in the arena of entrepreneurship development, women should constitute 50 per cent of the countrys total entrepreneurs. But the ground reality is totally different. The ratio is not even 10 per cent. The actual ratio is much lower than that. We do not know the exact number of women entrepreneurs in the country,† There is no real information on how many women entrepreneurs exist in the country. 1 Background In Bangladesh women entrepreneurs are coming up. If the last 10 years are taken into account, it will be clear that the number of women entrepreneurs has increased significantly. But the ratio of women entrepreneurs to their male counterparts is very low. In the recent years countries like Bangladesh have started paying attention to women. We will write a custom essay sample on Women Entrepreneurship as a Barrier to Success in Bangladesh specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Women Entrepreneurship as a Barrier to Success in Bangladesh specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Women Entrepreneurship as a Barrier to Success in Bangladesh specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Women entrepreneurs have improved their living conditions and earned more respect in the family and the society. The progress has been attained due to government policy supports and involvement of financial institution along with other support services. Bangladesh Bank (central bank of Bangladesh) issues policy guideline for scheduled banks to give priority to women while disbursing Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) credit. Meanwhile, good number of NGO-MFIs offers microfinance services to the women involving actively in micro, small and medium enterprises. Women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh face a range of challenges, including social and economic barriers, and networking and management constraints. Some of these challenges can be addressed through targeted government policies, including allocation of sufficient budget funds to support women entrepreneurs. In recent years, the Bangladesh Women Chamber of Commerce has been particularly active in promoting such policies. In particular, we are advocating the creation of a separate budget line item of one billion taka (approximately US $13. 5 million) to create a National Women’s Entrepreneurship Development Fund. Such a fund could be designed to address various issues, including access to credit, training for women entrepreneurs, and better market access for women. 2 Research Area Entrepreneurship â€Å"Entrepreneurship is the process where an individual or group of individuals, through organized efforts, risk time and money in pursuit of opportunities to create value and grow through innovation, regardless of the resources they currently control† (Robbins Coulter, 1996). What is the difference between Small business management and Entrepreneurship? As in his book, Timothy S. Hatten explains entrepreneurship is the process of identifying opportunities for which marketable needs exists and assuming the risk of creating an organization to satisfy them. On the other hand, a small business management is the contrast of an entrepreneurship. It is the ongoing process of owning and operating an established business (2006, p32). A study (Cooper, as quoted in Das, 2000) of women entrepreneurs in the western world, proposed that three factors influence entrepreneurship – antecedent influences (i. . , background factors such as family influences and genetic factors that affect motivation, skills and knowledge), the â€Å"incubator organization† (i. e. , the nature of the organization where the entrepreneur was employed just prior to starting a business; the skills learned there) and environmental factors (e. g. , economic conditions, access to venture capital and support services, role models) Women especially in South Asia, they have to overcome a lot of cultural religious and social pressures for playing an active role in the society. Many people incorporate social 3 pressures with religious pressure. â€Å"However social pressures does not have anything to do with religious values† (Rokia Afzal Rahman, 2007). Government policy for Development of Women Entrepreneurship The overall objective is to provide strategic direction for promoting competitive and responsible SME women’s entrepreneurship and embedding gender quality in all areas of works this creates gender sensitive business environment and accelerating economic growth in Bangladesh. Therefore, fostering women entrepreneurship and recognizing women as an important economic change agent, source of employment and innovation for building potential economic development. (SME foundation Bangladesh) Government Strategies for Development of Women Entrepreneurship (SME foundation Bangladesh) †¢ Providing a framework and strategic directions to identify the gender gaps, need, interest, and opportunities issues involved in women entrepreneurship development in the SME sector †¢ To promote the empowerment of women and gender equality through addressing the problems of exclusion of women relating to entrepreneurship mainstreaming the gender into policy level and facilitate effective support for these target groups. †¢ Support to women’s led trade bodies/associations for their building institutional capacity and competitiveness. 4 †¢ Assist gender sensitive value chain analysis for identifying the gender relationships impact on different parts of a value chain. †¢ To create favorable environment for women entrepreneurs and bring them in the mainstream of development process. †¢ To ensure full participation of women entrepreneurs in economic development of the country. †¢ To improve efficiency of women entrepreneurs in performing their business responsibilities. †¢ To strengthen institutional capacities for monitoring and evaluation of gender equality in the area of entrepreneurship development. †¢ To enhance women participation in the decisions making process and buildup capacity to improve knowledge, skills, abilities, aptitudes, values and preferences in order to setup a successful business. (2nd National SME Women Entrepreneur Conference 2008 suggested more regulations and policy for women entrepreneurship. †¢ †¢ †¢ Introduce gender sensitive vat, tax and duty for encouraging export Discourage import through vat/tax/duty imposition of womens produced product Review policy in the framework of gender analysis and ensure womens entrepreneur active participation in policy review process †¢ Build up the gender sensitive and common definition for SMEs 5 †¢ Increase access to information as well as develop dissemination mechanism at all level †¢ †¢ Develop appropriate implementation plan for gender action plan Develop one stop service center for women entrepreneur to accessing information Expand SME Foundation activities across the country to reaching grass root women entrepreneurs †¢ Develop linkage and network with business promotion council for mainstreaming gender issues in policy strategy and implementation level. Existing situation of Bangladesh In recent years, like other developing countries of the world, Bangladesh has been focusing attention on the most disadvantaged group in the society – the women. Realization has gradually dawned on all concerned that a society cannot afford to waste half of its human resources by discrimination on grounds of sex. This increasing awareness on the part of the government has led to the adoption of national policies to facilitate a development process involving women in all spheres particularly in economic activities focusing especially on entrepreneurship development. The overwhelming majority of women in Bangladesh are not only poor, but also caught between two vastly different worlds — the world determined by culture and tradition that confines their activities inside family homesteads, where they are regarded more as a commodity necessary only for bearing and rearing children and the world shaped by increasing 6 andlessness and poverty that focus them outside into various economic activities for survival. According to Bangladesh Household and Demographic survey (BHDS, 1998), literacy rate (7 years and above) among male was 54. 6 percent while for female, it was 42. 5 percent. (WNBA, 2009) Women entrepreneurship in the rural industries is a new arena in the socio- economic environment o f Bangladesh. In view of the need to bring the rural womenfolk in the development stream of the country, the Government, the NGOs and other related agencies have provided ample opportunities to promote entrepreneurial skill among women. Income- generating activities, credit facilities, skill training, market opportunities have all combined to pave the way for the emergence of entrepreneurial development among women in rural Bangladesh. (WNBA, 2009) Social Barriers Attitude: We have a negative attitude among our practical and male dominated society, which has become a major problem. As a result of this negativity attitude to women as well as women entrepreneurs is a regular circumstance in our society. Some problems are given below †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Society does not provide conducive environment for women in business Men are not positive toward women Male family members do not like to see women outside the home Bad comments and eve teasing 7 †¢ †¢ †¢ Family suspect women when they return home late Family members create barriers in their business When women returns home from training, the father and mother in laws create barriers out of suspension. (WNBA, 2009) Knowledge: Women normally lack behind knowledge because they do not ger convenient environment and opportunity to acquire knowledge. Knowledge is like the ground setup for awareness building. (WNBA, 2009) Structure: The basic unit of social structure is the family, which sets roles for men and women. Men have the economic control and therefore are the decision makers. Therefore women who live in a traditional male-controlled are dominated by a highly restricted social structure. (WNBA, 2009) Violence: As a social problem in our society violence is a common practice in our society. It is the most serious threat to overall development and progress of women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. Sometimes the husband pressurizes the women to retain her money with them. Mental and physical torture by husband, parents, siblings, Sexual harassment by bosses in offices and business activities. (WNBA, 2009) 8 Hypothesis The research paper will try to prove weather women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh is really a barrier or not. All the variables effecting women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh will be analyzed and on what scale they are affecting will be shown. Therefore, my null and alternative hypothesizes will be: Ho: Women entrepreneurship is a barrier to success in Bangladesh. H1: Women entrepreneurship is not a barrier to success in Bangladesh. However, during the research process I might face a lot of variables that might tend to prove my alternative hypothesis to be false by a smaller probability. Which means that women could really be successful entrepreneurs but some other variables needs to be kept constant i. e. cultural and religious hindrance against women entrepreneurship. Therefore I keep another alternative hypothesis to prove that my claim is still true. H2: Keeping VARIABLE/VARIABLES constant women entrepreneurship is not a barrier to success in Bangladesh. 9 Methodology Secondary Data Collection I used secondary data, which were collected by BWCCI (Bangladesh Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry) to do research on Situation Analysis of Women Entrepreneurs in Bangladesh, published in February 2008. The secondary data are used for descriptive statistical analysis which shows more prone problems relation to barriers to women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh Primary Data Collection The primary date are collected by taking a short and brief survey which will provide me some basic statistics about women and women entrepreneurship having barriers to their success. Some question will provide the present situation statistics while some other questions will only be used to do the hypothesis testing. Sampling †¢ Target population: The study’s primary focus is to have an overview about the situation of women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. Different types of sampling procedures were undertaken considering types of stakeholder, geographical areas, time, budget etc. The sample will represent only Dhaka’s respondents. †¢ Sampling: I have chosen 30 women entrepreneurs form Dhaka for representation of the whole population. Since there is no comprehensive directory for women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh, I purposively selected respondents from streets, our university and some through surveymonkey. com 10 Data Collection †¢ Mostly quantitative collection of data is targeted through some structured and semi-structured questioner’s surveys. Open discussion on the actual barriers and how to did they overcome those and suggestions if they want to provide any. Primary research proposal questions in relation to hypothesis. Measures A cross checking mechanism was introduced to ensure the quality of data. Most of the variables were pre-coded. Some data were coded right after field study. After completion of the field study, I started to insert the data in computer-based worksheets, which were developed using SPSS, MS Word and Excel. Most of the data, both qualitative and quantitative, are analyzed through SPSS and MS Excel. 11 Primary Data Presentation and Analysis Socio-Demographic Background †¢ Age and Education: Highest proportion of women is in the age group of 2130,36%, which basically means that most of the women entrepreneurs are young in Bangladesh. 0 % of women entrepreneurs could receive education of Higher Secondary and Secondary School level of education. Age 41- ­? 50 17% 15- ­? 20 20% 31- ­? 40 27% 21- ­? 30 36% No Education 7% Primary 3% Education Post Graduation 10% Graduation 17% Class 8 3% SSC 33% HSC 27% 12 †¢ Marital Status: Form cultural perspective, marital status plays as an important factor to influence in women’s socio economic life. 5 3. 8 % are found to be married and 36. 6% unmarried. Widow separated and divorced consisted of 8. 7% of the surveyed observation. Marital Status 20 15 10 5 0 Married Single Divorced Profile of enterprises †¢ Motivating factors to enter into business: Despite of having so many problems and barriers to be successful for Women Entrepreneurship, the most important factor for their success can be, who actually motivates them the most. u? 29% of women are motivated by Inspiration from family family businesses. u? 24% believed to create self dependency u? 22% became entrepreneurs for self inspiration u? 22% became entrepreneurs for an extra income for the family 13 u? Economic Development (14%), Self Employment (12%), Upgrade social status (6%) †¢ Previous Occupation: Most (53%) of the Women Entrepreneurs were students before they actually started their own business. 23% women were housewife before they started business. We can find coherence of results here: Most women entrepreneurs are young deceived good minimum education. Previous Occupation 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Student Housewife Unemployed Other Business Service Others †¢ Duration of experience in business: 53% of women entrepreneurs in the sample have only three years or less than three years experiences in business. 18% of entrepreneurs have only one year of experience. The mean duration of experience from observed 30 women was 4. 9 years though. 31 years of maximum duration of experience found in the sample. 14 Year 1977-1992 1993-1999 2000-2003 2004-2007 Percentage 6. 7 10 36. 6 46. 7 Cumulative Percentage 6. 7 16. 7 53. 3 100 †¢ Main sectors u? 69. 4% of women were involved in production of handicrafts u? 16. 1 were involved in garments or home textile u? Others involved in printing, agro based, parlor, food etc. Main Sectors 13% Handicrafts Garments/ Textile 70% Others ( Printing, agro based, parlour, food etc) 17% 15 Experiences in Trade Licensing and Company Registration, Training Taxes †¢ Status of Company registration: 50% of the women did not have their enterprises registered with legal authorities. Most of them who have trade license run their business in Dhaka City Corporation. †¢ Reasons behind not having trade license: All of them who did not have trade license were asked what was the reason behind not having a trade license. The opinions expressed were the following. u? Unaware of the necessity of having trade license: u? Aware but not familiar with the process: u? Applied for trade license the process is going on: u? Others: 36. 6% 40% 1% 22. 4% Reasons for not having a Trade License 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Unaware Not Familiar Under Process Others 16 †¢ Training: 9. 2% of Women Entrepreneurs did not receive any sort of training till now. 35. 5% received training before starting business, 42. 1% got training after starting business. 10. 2% women received training before and after starting business. Most of the women who received training were from different NGOs, public institutions like Women and Children affairs department, youth development department chamber of commerce. Training Education 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 No training eceived Trained After Starting Trained before statrin Trained Before and Business Business after †¢ Sources of Starter capital: 36. 6 % of women are unmarried in my sample. The source of capital must have been hard to found. 60% of women had started their business with their own money. This is what makes women so much independent and consistent in what they do. O? Own S avings: O? Parents: O? Husband: 60% 40% 16. 7% 17 O? In-Laws: O? NGOs: O? Banks: 6. 7% 3. 3% 6. 7% †¢ TAX and VAT: Only 10 of them had tax id number and out of rest of them 46. 7% did not have any idea or awareness of having a tax token. Yes Tax ID Number Awareness of Tax/Vat 33. 3% 13. 3% No 66. 7% 46. 7% 40% Partially Hypothesis Testing At 90% significance level, I want to know if Women Entrepreneurship is a Barrier to Success in Bangladesh. My null and alternative hypothesizes are: Ho: Women Entrepreneurship is a Barrier to success in Bangladesh. And H1: Women Entrepreneurship is not a Barrier to success in Bangladesh. I am assuming that my null hypothesis is true; Women entrepreneurship is a barrier to success, this leads me to a one sided test. I have to find if it is a barrier or not (not if it has advantage). Saying that if it is a barrier or not, the mean of the population is assumed to be 0 (zero) which means that neither it is a barrier, nor an advantage. Negative mean would mean it is a barrier. Therefore, the sample mean also should represent something that lies between negative positive direction (the neutral value should be 0). Therefore, restating my hypothesizes : 18 Ho: H1:  µ 0 For my hypothesis testing, I selected 6 questions from BWCCI’s report and surveyed 10/30 women entrepreneurs from our sample (rich and poor mixed) and score them from a scale of minus 2 to positive two. The questions of the survey are as follows. A) Overall a positive environment for women to enter into business has been ensured B) Social and family responsibilities to promote women in business has increased? C) Quality of the assistance provided by the Government is gradually increasing? D) Social barriers are decreased? E) Women are getting proper price for their product? F) Having a trade license, is this an important thing for you? Scoring a question (-ve) 2 means that the person totally disagrees to that particular question and (+ve) 2 means that the person strongly agreed to that question. A zero represents neutral opinion. The summation of all scored 6 questions from one women entrepreneur represents the accumulated view of that person (Negative total means that her perception about Women Entrepreneurship is that it’s a barrier and vise versa) The following table shows the result of the 10 surveyed women entrepreneurs. A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 0 0 2 2 1 1 1 -1 0 B 0 2 0 0 2 0 1 2 1 1 C 0 -1 -1 1 0 1 0 2 0 -2 D -1 0 0 -1 2 1 0 2 -1 -1 E 0 0 -1 1 2 -1 2 2 0 0 F 0 0 1 0 2 1 2 2 -2 0 Total 0 1 -1 3 10 3 6 11 -3 -2 19 From the surveyed collection of data I found that only 3 of the women entrepreneurs thinks that women entrepreneurship is a barrier to success and 6 of them thinks it is not. The sample mean and standard deviation of the data is 2. 80 and 4. 85 respectively. The summary data show that most women believe Women entrepreneurship is not a barrier to success in Bangladesh. However, I am now going to conduct a hypothesis test from my sample data. Sample Mean, x = 2. 80, Sample Standard Deviation, s = 4. 85, 90% Significance level. Reject H1 if, P ( x = 2. 80| Ho true) lt; 0. 0 We have a very small sample of n=10, therefore we will have to use a T-statistics. The critical value of T with 10% confidence and 9 Degrees of freedom = -1. 383 Reject H1 if Tcallt; -1. 383 t-cal = (2. 80 – 0)/( 4. 85/SqRt 10) = 1. 83 The sample mean does not fall under the critical region and more over it is towards the positive direction. Therefore I have to reject my hull hypothesis and accept the alternat ive hypothesis. Women Entrepreneurship is not a Barrier to Success in Bangladesh. As I have my H1 true, I do not have to prove my alternative hypothesis 2. 20 Secondary Data Presentation and Analysis Socio-Demographic Background †¢ Types of Family and Number of Children: 31% of women live as in joint family and remainder in conjugal family. Among 53. 8% of married women, 70% of them had children and the mean number of children found was 1. 3 for each family. Which shows that most of the entrepreneurs had less or equal to 2 children. (WNBA, 2009) †¢ Educational background of Fathers and Husbands: 61% of the women entrepreneur’s fathers have at least college level of education. 55% of the husbands have a minimum graduation level of education. (WNBA, 2009) †¢ Occupational background of Fathers and Husbands: 34. 8 % of fathers and 43. % of husbands had Business occupational background. Therefore, we can see a strong correlation between women becoming entrepreneurs and the occupational business background of husband and father. (WNBA, 2009) Type of Occupation Public Service Private service Business Agriculture Unemployed Fathers Occupation 15. 7 18. 0 34. 8 12. 4 2. 2 Husbands Occupation 14. 5 30. 6 43. 5 1. 6 1. 6 21 Retired Students Total 15. 7 1. 1 100 4. 8 3. 2 100 †¢ Types of Business: Most of the women are involved in retail and manufacturing type of business. (WNBA, 2009) u? Manufacturing and trading: u? Service: u? Trading: u? Others: 60% 13. % 13. 3% 13. 3% Retail: Whole Sell Both: 43% 16. 2% 40. 8% †¢ Interval between starting point of business and company registration: Only 27. 5% of women could register their enterprise from within 1 month of the business. Although the median time taken for trade licensing was around 1 year from starting their business, but the mean time for registration was 6 years which is significantly not showing good result. (WNBA, 2009) †¢ Problems faced by the women entrepreneurs with different trade licensing authorities: (WNBA, 2009) Types of problems City mentioned Corporation Complex Process Time Consuming Bureaucratic Process u? ? u? Municipalities u? u? u? u? Union Parishad Tax Depart ment u? u? u? 22 Bribery Indecent Behavior Sexual harassment, teasing Lack of cooperation u? u? u? u? u? u? u? u? u? u? u? u? u? †¢ Problems faced by the women entrepreneurs due to not having trade license: (WNBA, 2009) o Could not get access to Bank loan and financial institutions o Could not participate in trade fair o Could not get membership with the chamber of commerce o Missed profitable orders and buyers o Could not enter into export-import oriented sectors Opinion of the women regarding company registration: (WNBA, 2009) o Making registration process easier o Make information available to women entrepreneurs o Create awareness regarding registration process o Establish a gender cell or at least a booth with employee to facilitate women to get trade license o Make the people gender sensitive o Organize training on regulatory process o Reduce company registration fee o Reduce complexity o Fasten registration process 23 Conclusion The first problem discussed in the beginning of this research paper was that women have an enormous pressure from the society and culture for which they cannot easily become an entrepreneur. My survey and the data from BWCCI show that Women these days get lot of support and aspiration from their family members. More the educated family is, more social support they get. As seen from BWCCI’s report on situation analysis of Women Entrepreneurs, showed that Women these days does not have that much difficulties starting their own businesses. The sample mean of their survey interview on page 34 is equal to 5. 7. I can see that the result of my survey sample agrees with that of BWCCI’s report. Both have positive mean but my one is a bit lower than theirs. The possible reason for this may have been that, I did not consider some more positive sides of the environment. However, I also did not consider some negatives score which they found that those have a huge impact i. e. Local Chamber coming forward to help women SME, women are not getting administrative and legal support. Both the samples show that women are not getting the proper price for their products. I cannot totally depend on the perception of women for their ease of doing business. They might also be showing false reason that they need more. Although most of them are correct about the tradelicensing thing. More than 50% of the women do not know anything about having a trade license to do business and most of the women from our sample does not even bother to have a trade license. All data collected from BWCCI represents the scenario of 2007. Now, more than 5 years have passed and so might the change in overall development for women to become entrepreneurs have changed drastically. 24 Recommendation Limitations Information gathered from BWCCI’s report â€Å"A situation Analysis of Women Entrepreneurs in Bangladesh† was published in 2008. The data allocated here are of 2007s’. The situation of Women entrepreneurs six years back cannot represent the present situation of Bangladeshi women entrepreneurs. †¢ BWCCI, for their easy accessibility to women entrep reneurs, they went only to BWCCI’s current members for interviews. Some other limitations mentioned in the report are as follows: o To get response from women entrepreneurs for all questions was really a great challenge as women entrepreneurs were found to be very busy. Some important information was missed. o It was hard to reach some areas during the field study. o The study could not apply random sampling methods. o Some information were related to perception of the surveyed women entrepreneurs, this cannot be use to predict the overall situation of women entrepreneurs. The women entrepreneurs who are having business in large scale were not included is this study, still this can hold a positive side to the research as these examples are outliers. 25 Reference Robbins, S. P. , Coulter, M. , Stuart-Kotze, R. (1996). Management. 5†Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ed. Englewood Cliffs. NJ. Hatten, T. S. , Coulter, M. (1997). Small business: Entrepreneurship and beyond. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Rahman, R. A. (2007). Policy Dialogue Series. Dhaka. www. smef. com Rahman, M. M. , (Feb 2009). Women’s national business agenda. Dhaka: BWCCI. Uddin Shamim, M. (2008). Building women in business: A situation analysis of women entreprene urs in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry. †¢ Women Entrepreneurship in SME: Bangladesh reality, by Ferdousi Sultana, Unpublished, Dhaka: 2009 †¢ 26 To: Dr. Deena P. Forkan Date: February 26,2013 Re: Proposal to do a research on From: Rafsanjani Rahat â€Å"Women Entrepreneurship in Bangladesh: Barriers to Success† Abstract: The research paper focuses on mainly how women in Bangladesh are involved to be self-employed and the corresponding success they achieve. The study will provide a report, which will show what percentage of women in Bangladesh likes to be entrepreneurs, proportion of women becoming successful, what are the barriers to be successful, the factors that can motivate women entrepreneurship, the opportunities and threats for the growth of women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. At the end, the report will provide suggestion for women to be encouraged in self-employment. Questioners might be suggested for future research. Research Scope: †¢ What is Entrepreneurship? †¢ What are the Government policy for Development of Women Entrepreneurship in Bangladesh? †¢ What are the Government Strategies for Development of Women Entrepreneurship in Bangladesh? †¢ What is the existing Situation of Bangladesh? †¢ What are the social other problems? 27 Hypothesis: The research paper will try to prove weather women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh is really a barrier or not. All the variables effecting women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh will be analyzed and on what scale they are effecting will be shown. Therefore, our null and alternative hypothesizes will be: Ho: Women entrepreneurship is really a barrier to success in Bangladesh. H1: Women entrepreneurship is not really big barrier to success in Bangladesh. However, during the research process I might face a lot of variables that might tend to prove my alternative hypothesis to be false by a smaller probability. Which means that women could really be successful entrepreneurs but some other variables needs to be kept constant i. . cultural and religious hindrance against women entrepreneurship. Therefore I keep another alternative hypothesis to prove that my claim is still true. H2: Keeping VARIABLE/VARIABLES constant women entrepreneurship in not really a big barrier to success in Bangladesh. Methodology: The methods to do this research report will be very much precise and easy techniques will be ad opted for better understandability of the regression analysis. The primary source of information, which I am planning, will be from interviewing at least two prominent successful women entrepreneur in Bangladesh. The second source of data will be by surveying new generation women undergraduates. I would like to take 28 and note down their opinion of what do they think about themselves being their own boss and if they don’t want, what are the factors that they think are stopping them to be entrepreneurs. With all these primary sources of data I will try to run a regression analysis and verify them with academic journals from wherever I need to get them. I will try to bring some other country’s report on women being supported as to become successful entrepreneurs. The report will try to explain the other relatedness factors of successful women entrepreneurs that various Human Resource Management people have to say. Timetable: After we being held with our official timing to start our research project, I plan to do the following things in the due time given below. Time 1st Week To do list Finding and gather academic journals that will be useful for my research report. 2nd Week Reading all the journals that have been gathered and in the meantime, preparing questionaries’ for the interviews and the survey. rd Week By the starting of the 3rd week, I will start drafting the report and take the interview and survey. 4th Week Survey data need to be analyzed through running a regression and sort out the findings. I will try to finish writing the research paper by the end of the 4th week or if not possible then I might take few days the 5th week. After finishing typing, I will print a draft for 29 showing it my honorable English faculty, Deena Fo rkan man to skim through the project if every thing is fine. December 6th Final Submission of the research report. Request for app